Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection for the identification of bacterial infections in clinical wound samples
Mostafa Azimzadeh, Patricia Khashayar, Marziyeh Mousazadeh, Maryam Daneshpour, Mohammad Rostami, David R. Goodlett, Karim Manji, Somayeh Fardindoost, Mohsen Akbari, Mina Hoorfar
Abstract
Early detection of wound infections is critical for timely intervention and prevention of possible complications since prompt treatment can help lower pathogen spread and enhance faster healing. Early detection also helps reduce the risk of serious infections requiring extensive medical interventions or life-threatening diseases such as sepsis. Culture-based approaches currently used for bacterial identification have limited sensitivity and specificity. At the same time, they are time-consuming, resulting in delays in therapy and, therefore, having a negative impact on the treatment outcomes. Quantifying the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by bacteria residing in wounds is a promising, non-invasive option for detecting infections at early stages. This method allows for continuous monitoring without requiring invasive procedures, thereby reducing patient discomfort and the risk of further complications. Spectroscopy methods and sensors are the primary VOC detection and quantification approaches, but sensors are more rapid, cost-effective, non-invasive, and precise. This review highlights the significance of the early detection of wound infection to enable timely intervention and prevent complications, emphasizing the limitations of culture-based approaches. It also explores the potential of quantifying VOCs using different methods and discusses the correlation between their levels and the rate of bacterial infections in wounds. Additionally, the review evaluates current VOC-based monitoring methods for wound management, identifies gaps in the field, and advocates for further research to advance wound care and enhance patient outcomes. • Early wound infection detection aids prompt treatment and faster healing. • VOC quantification offers a non-invasive, continuous infection monitoring option. • Sensors for VOC detection are rapid, affordable, precise, and non-invasive. • The review covers VOC quantification methods for wound monitoring. • The main focus is on array-based, nano, micro, and point-of-care sensors.