A multiplex microarray lateral flow immunoassay device for simultaneous determination of five mycotoxins in rice
Saowalak Adunphatcharaphon, Oluwatobi Kolawole, Thanasat Sooksimuang, Waraporn Panchan, Wannee Wasuthep, Anuwut Petdum, Grit Pichayawaytin, Rungroj Jintamethasawat, Narusorn Doljirapisit, Armote Somboonkaew, Prae Noppakuadrittidej, Sudtida Kaew-amdee, Manlika Makornwattana, Julie Meneely, Christopher T. Elliott, Awanwee Petchkongkaew, Nitsara Karoonuthaisiri
Abstract
Co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins is a growing global food safety concern due to their harmful effects on humans and animals. This study developed an eco-friendly sample preparation method and an innovative multiplex microarray-based lateral flow immunoassay, using a novel portable reader for on-site simultaneous determination of five regulated mycotoxins—aflatoxin B1, T-2 toxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin B1 in rice. The eco-friendly and ultrafast extraction procedure utilizes a bio-based solvent. Principally, the microarray signals generated through a novel luminescent organic dye were captured to quantify mycotoxin levels in samples using a portable reader installed with a user-friendly interface. The assay demonstrates accurate detection and quantification of these mycotoxins, with recoveries ranging from 77% to 127%. Detection limits ranged from 0.56 to 1.89 μg/kg, which were well below their regulatory limits, with a relative standard deviation below 25%. This analytical system provides an on-site method for detecting multiple mycotoxins in rice.