Mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete: a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study — flexural and tensile strength
Rob Wolfs, Jelle Versteege, Manu Santhanam, Shantanu Bhattacherjee, Freek Bos, Annika Robens‐Radermacher, Shravan Muthukrishnan, Costantino Menna, Onur Öztürk, Nilüfer Özyurt, J. Roupec, Christiane Richter, Jörg Jungwirth, Luiza Rodrigues Meira de Miranda, Rebecca Ammann, Jean‐François Caron, Victor de Bono, Renata Monte, Iván Navarrete, Claudia Eugenin, Hélène Lombois-Burger, Bilal Baz, Māris Šinka, Alise Sapata, Ilhame Harbouz, Yamei Zhang, Zijian Jia, Jacques Kruger, Jean-Pierre Mostert, Katarina Šter, Aljoša Šajna, Abdelhak Kaci, S. Rahal, Chalermwut Snguanyat, Arun R. Arunothayan, Zengfeng Zhao, Inka Mai, Inken Jette Rasehorn, David Böhler, Niklas Freund, Dirk Lowke, Tobias Neef, Markus Taubert, Daniel Auer, C. Maximilian Hechtl, Maximilian Dahlenburg, Laura Esposito, Richard Buswell, John Temitope Kolawole, Muhammad Nura Isa, Xingzi Liu, Zhendi Wang, Kolluru V. L. Subramaniam, Viktor Mechtcherine
Abstract
Abstract This paper discusses the flexural and tensile strength properties of 3D printed concrete, based on the results of a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study on mechanical properties. These properties are determined using different testing techniques, including 3- and 4-point flexural tests, splitting tests, and uniaxial tension tests, on specimens extracted from large 3D printed elements in accordance with a prescribed study plan. The relationship between compressive and flexural or tensile strengths, cast or printed samples, different types of tests, and different loading orientations, are analysed to understand the influence of 3D printing. As expected, the strength can reduce significantly when the main tensile stress is acting perpendicular to the interface between layers. The role of deviations from the standard study procedure, in terms of the time interval between the placing of subsequent layers, or the adoption of a different curing strategy, are also assessed. While the increased time interval significantly impacts the strength in the critical direction, the use of variable curing conditions does not seem to have a clear-cut effect on the strength ratios of the printed to cast specimens. Additionally, the paper looks at the variability in the results for the printed specimens, in order to emphasize the need for multiple replicates for obtaining a proper result. An extensive insight into the aspects affecting the variability is presented in the paper. Finally, with the limited dataset available for specimens tested at a larger scale, it is difficult to arrive at a clear understanding of the role of specimen size (i.e., greater number of layers).