Effects of <scp><i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i></scp> and <scp><i>Bacillus subtilis</i></scp> on <scp><i>in vitro</i></scp> fermentation in the rumen of Hu sheep
Mahmoud Kamal, Kou Linlin, Jian Gao, Zhao Xinrui, Cheng Xinming, Wang Haibo, Dai Lulu, Mohamed E. Abd El‐Hack, Khalid Mahrose, Yanfen Cheng
Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND The demand for animal products is increasing in developing countries due to population growth. However, livestock production contributes significantly to global warming, accounting for 25%. Probiotics can help improve livestock efficiency by enhancing gut microbes and fat metabolism. They can modify rumen populations, enhance fermentation, reduce methane emissions and improve feed digestion. In this study, the goal was to determine the most effective method of reducing methane emissions in the rumen of sheep in vitro by adding different concentrations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis . RESULTS Adding 8 × 10 6 CFU g −1 S. cerevisiae during fermentation reduced pH levels after 48 h. This also increased the concentrations of NH 3 ‐N, microbial protein and total gas production. At the same time, it decreased methane emissions. Furthermore, adding 20 × 10 6 CFU g −1 B. subtilis to the mixture increased total gas production (TGP) and methane production, with the highest production observed after 48 h. However, it did not affect pH levels after 48 h. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that S. cerevisiae had significantly increased microbial protein and NH 3 ‐N concentrations after fermentation without altering pH. Additionally, the addition of S. cerevisiae enhanced TGP and reduced methane emissions. It is worth noting that TGP increased because B. subtilis was added at a concentration of 20 × 10 6 CFU g −1 , with no significant differences between concentrations. Therefore, we recommend adding S. cerevisiae and B. subtilis to the diet at doses of 8 and 20 × 10 6 CFU g −1 , as it resulted in higher TGP and reduced methane emissions. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.