Compact Wide-Angle Scanning Multibeam Antenna Array for V2X Communications
Muhammad Ishfaq, Suleiman Aliyu Babale, Hassan Tariq Chattha, Mohamed Himdi, Ali Raza, Muhammad Younas, Tharek Abd Rahman, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim, Bilal A. Khawaja
Abstract
This letter presents a wide-angle scanning multibeam planar inverted-E antenna (PIEA) array for vehicle-to-everything communication. The compact four-element PIEA array is designed with 0.3λ<sub>o</sub> spacing, which achieves 90<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math></inline-formula> wide-angle scanning when a 135<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math></inline-formula> phase shift is applied obtained using a 4 × 4 Butler matrix (BM). The closeness of the array elements causes high mutual coupling and high cross polarization at wider scan angles. Therefore, three novel techniques are employed to overcome the high cross polarization and mutual coupling between the antenna elements in this array. To feed the antenna array, a low-cost miniaturized beamforming 4 × 4 BM circuit is designed without the use of phase shifters and conventional crossovers. The total dimensions of the compact PIEA array are just 0.456λ<sub>0</sub> × 1.12λ<sub>0</sub> × 0.036λ<sub>0</sub>, while the overall dimensions of the multibeam array, including BM, are 2.731λ<sub>0</sub> × 2.2λ<sub>0</sub> × 0.046 λ<sub>0</sub>. This multibeam array achieves for the first time the wide-angle scanning angles of ±87<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math></inline-formula> with a 3 dB beam scanning range of ±120<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math></inline-formula> along with the scanning angles of ±20<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. This array design can be scaled to use as an antenna array for millimeter-wave applications.