Osteoimmune-modulating and BMP-2-eluting anodised 3D printed titanium for accelerated bone regeneration
Masood Ali, Yan He, Anna Sze Ni Chang, Alice Wu, Jing-Yu Liu, Yuxue Cao, Yousuf Mohammad, Amirali Popat, Laurie Walsh, Qingsong Ye, C. F. Xu, Tushar Kumeria
Abstract
bone mineralisation studies using the conditioned media from the immunomodulatory studies elucidate a clear impact of pore diameter on bone mineralisation. The tubular structure of TiNTs was utilised as a container to incorporate recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the presence of various sugar and polymeric cryoprotectants. Sucrose offered the most sustainable release of preserved BMP-2 from TiNTs. Downstream effects of released BMP-2 on macrophages as well as bone mineralisation were assessed showing bioactivity retention of the released rhBMP-2. Overall, the TiNT surface topography in combination with controlled, sustained, and local release of bioactive growth factors can potentially enhance the osseointegration outcomes of custom 3D printed Ti implants in the clinic.