Bulk Heterojunction Upconversion Thin Films Fabricated via One-Step Solution Deposition
Manchen Hu, Emma Belliveau, Yilei Wu, Pournima Narayanan, Demeng Feng, Rabeeya Hamid, Natalia Murrietta, Ghada H. Ahmed, Mikhail A. Kats, Daniel N. Congreve
Abstract
Upconversion of near-infrared light into the visible has achieved limited success in applications due to the difficulty of creating solid-state films with high external quantum efficiency (EQE). Recent developments have expanded the range of relevant materials for solid-state triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion through the use of a charge-transfer state sensitization process. Here, we report the single-step solution-processed deposition of a bulk heterojunction upconversion film using organic semiconductors. The use of a bulk heterojunction thin film enables a high contact area between sensitizer and annihilator materials in this interface-triplet-generation mechanism and allows for a facile single-step deposition process. Demonstrations of multiple deposition and patterning methods on glass and flexible substrates show the promise of this materials system for solid-state upconversion applications.