Tensile stress-strain models for wire and arc additive manufacturing of carbon steels
Yunyi Liu, Jun Ye, Xi Guo, Guan Quan, Zhen Wang, Zhao Yang
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate and develop stress-strain models for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) carbon steels, providing a clear understanding of their mechanical behaviour. A comprehensive dataset comprising over 700 worldwide WAAM carbon steel tensile coupon test records from open literature was analysed. The dataset considered a variety of feedstock wires, post-treatments, surface conditions, deposition strategies, coupon extraction angles, and material thicknesses. Analysis revealed that stress-strain curves of WAAM carbon steels exhibited varying yielding responses, either discontinuous yielding with a distinct yield plateau or continuous yielding without one, depending on the feedstock wire grades and coupon extraction angles. Three tensile stress-strain models were proposed, alongside predictive expressions or recommended values for the input material parameters. These models accurately capture the stress-strain responses of WAAM carbon steels and are suitable for incorporation into analytical, numerical and design models for WAAM steel structures. • Various tensile stress-strain models for WAAM carbon steels have been investigated. • Stress-strain database including various feedstock wires, geometries and printing parameters collected. • Predictive expressions and recommended values for material parameters established. • Key material properties recommended to obtain the final stress-strain models.