Next-generation biodegradable polymers: toward a circular plastics economy
Victor Ugbetan Agbogo, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, Lucey Mavhungu, Moipone Linda Teffo
Abstract
Research into biodegradable polymers as sustainable alternatives to traditional petrochemical plastics has increased significantly in response to the growing environmental impact of plastic pollution. In this review, we offer a comprehensive, multidisciplinary overview of current advances in the creation, degradation processes, and green energy applications of biodegradable polymers. We examined how chemical structure, environmental factors, and microbiological activity influence polymer breakdown, alongside controlled degradation and lifecycle optimization. Consideration was given to incorporating biodegradable materials into next-generation energy devices such as transient batteries, triboelectric nanogenerators, and supercapacitors. A comparative analysis highlighted the material properties, performance trade-offs, and environmental impacts of key polymers like PLA, PCL, cellulose, and chitosan. Emerging trends were explored within regulatory support and circular economy frameworks, including smart polymers, nanocomposites, and AI-driven material design. In the review, we also emphasized key challenges and future research directions necessary for practical implementation, demonstrating the potential of biodegradable polymers to enable scalable, environmentally friendly solutions across energy and material sectors.