Association between visceral adiposity index and heart failure: A cross‐sectional study
Xinyu Zhang, Yijun Sun, Ying Li, Chengwei Wang, Yi Wang, Mei Dong, Jie Xiao, Zongwei Lin, Huixia Lu, Xiaoping Ji
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Obesity is an important risk factor for heart failure (HF). HYPOTHESIS: Visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a simple metric for assessing obesity; however, the association between VAI and risk for HF has not been studied. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 28 764 participants ≥18 years of age from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2009-2018, in the United States was performed. VAI was calculated using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. VAI was analyzed as a continuous and categorical variable to examine its association with HF. Subgroup analysis was also performed. RESULTS: The highest VAI (fourth quartile [Q4]) was found among males, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, WC, hypertension, diabetes, liver disease, coronary heart disease, smoking, total cholesterol, and TG. More participants in Q4 took β-receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers/angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, calcium channel blockers, and antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic medications. Participants with HF exhibited greater VAI. A per-unit increase in VAI resulted in a 4% increased risk for HF (odds ratio [OR] 1.04 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.05]). After multivariable adjustment, compared with the lowest quartile, the OR for Q3 was 1.55 (95% CI 1.24-1.94). Subgroup analysis revealed no significant interactions between VAI and specific subgroups. CONCLUSION: VAI was independently associated with the risk for HF. As a noninvasive index of visceral adiposity, VAI could be used for a "one shot" assessment of HF risk and may serve as a novel marker.