Exploring the Molecular Pathways Underlying the Anti‐Diabetic Effects of Millets
Akash Kumar, Nidhi N. Shah, Mehul R. Chorawala, Rekha Kaushik, Bhupendra G. Prajapati, Rahul Mehra
Abstract
ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemic conditions resulting from inadequate insulin production or sensitivity. Globally, the prevalence of DM is drastically increasing, especially in low‐and middle‐income countries. Therefore, there is a need to explore effective DM management strategies. DM pathogenesis includes disruption in the insulin signaling pathway, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, β‐cell dysfunction, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis. Millets are a good source of protein, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, which may improve insulin sensitivity by promoting adiponectin levels and inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPP‐IV) activity. Additionally, they may inhibit α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase, thus affecting the digestion and absorption of glucose. The other potential mechanisms may include modulation of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (increased glucose uptake and utilization), improving glucose transporters (increased glucose uptake by cells), increased leptin levels (appetite regulation), inhibition of NF‐κB pathway, less production of cytokine, and mitigation of oxidative and nitrosative stress. The complex carbohydrate, fiber, and phenolic compounds may increase the abundance of probiotics and short‐chain fatty acids concentration. This review article provides valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and healthcare professionals on how dietary interventions play a crucial role in diabetes management.