Toward a common interpretation of the 3Rs principles in animal research
Johan Lauwereyns, Jeffrey J. Bajramović, Bettina Bert, Samuel Camenzind, Joery De Kock, Alisa Elezović, Sevilay Erden, Fernando Gonzalez-Uarquin, Yeşim Işıl Ülman, Orsolya Ivett Hoffmann, Μαρία Κιτσαρά, Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos, Winfried Neuhaus, Benoit Petit‐Demoulière, Simone Pollo, Brígida Riso, Sophie Schober, Athanassia Sotiropoulos, Aurélie Thomas, Augusto Vitale, Doris Wilflingseder, Arti Ahluwalia
Abstract
Many scientific breakthroughs have depended on animal research, yet the ethical concerns surrounding the use of animals in experimentation have long prompted discussions about humane treatment and responsible scientific practice. First articulated by Russell and Burch, the 3Rs Principles of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement have gained widespread recognition as basic guidelines for animal research. Over time, the 3Rs have transcended the research community, influencing policy decisions, animal welfare advocacy and public perception of animal experimentation. Despite their broad acceptance, interpretations of the 3Rs vary substantially, shaping statutory frameworks at various levels, with both technical and practical impacts.