Early in vivo detection of denervation‐induced atrophy by luminescence transient nanothermometry
José Lifante, Álvaro Moreno‐Rupérez, Erving Ximendes, Riccardo Marin, Teresa Priego, Asunción López‐Calderón, Ana Isabel Martı́n, María Paz Nieto‐Bona, Elena Nebot, G. Lifante, Daniel Jaque, Luis Monge, Núria Fernández, Miriam Granado
Abstract
Denervation induces skeletal muscle atrophy due to the loss of control and feedback with the nervous system. Unfortunately, muscle atrophy only becomes evident days after the denervation event when it could be irreversible. Alternative diagnosis tools for early detection of denervation-induced muscle atrophy are, thus, required. In this work, we demonstrate how the combination of transient thermometry, a technique already used for early diagnosis of tumors, and infrared-emitting nanothermometers makes possible the in vivo detection of the onset of muscle atrophy at short (<1 day) times after a denervation event. The physiological reasons behind these experimental results have been explored by performing three dimensional numerical simulations based on the Pennes' bioheat equation. It is concluded that the alterations in muscle thermal dynamics at the onset of muscle atrophy are consequence of the skin perfusion increment caused by the alteration of peripheral nervous autonomous system. This work demonstrates the potential of infrared luminescence thermometry for early detection of diseases of the nervous system opening the venue toward the development of new diagnosis tools.