Objective gait assessment in individuals with knee osteoarthritis using inertial sensors: A systematic review and meta-analysis
R.J. Boekesteijn, J. van Gerven, Alexander C. H. Geurts, Katrijn Smulders
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Objective assessment of gait using inertial sensors has shown promising results for functional evaluations in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, the large number of possible outcome measures calls for a systematic evaluation of most relevant parameters to be used for scientific and clinical purposes. AIM: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify gait parameters derived from inertial sensors that reflect gait deviations in individuals with knee OA compared to healthy control subjects (HC). METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in five electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, IEEE) to identify eligible articles. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified version of the Downs and Black scale. Data regarding study population, experimental procedures, and biomechanical outcomes were extracted. When a gait parameter was reported by a sufficient number of studies, a random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using the inverse variance method. RESULTS: Twenty-three articles comparing gait between 411 individuals with knee OA and 507 HC were included. Individuals with knee OA had a lower gait speed than HC (standardized mean difference = -1.65), driven by smaller strides with a longer duration. Stride time variability was slightly higher in individuals with knee OA than in HC. Individuals with knee OA walked with a lower range of motion of the knee during the swing phase, less lumbar motion in the coronal plane, and a lower foot strike and toe-off angle compared to HC. SIGNIFICANCE: This review shows that inertial sensors can detect gait impairments in individuals with knee OA. Large standardized mean differences found on spatiotemporal parameters support their applicability as sensitive endpoints for mobility in individuals with knee OA. More advanced measures, including kinematics of knee and trunk, may reveal gait adaptations that are more specific to knee OA, but compelling evidence was lacking.