Different Stepwise Growth Mechanism of AIE-Active Tetraphenylethylene-Functionalized Metal–Organic Frameworks on Au(111) and Cu(111) Surfaces
Hengqi Zou, Liqian Liu, Songyao Zhang, Xinrui Miao, Lei Ying, Wenli Deng, Yong Cao
Abstract
Fabricating tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-functionalized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with aggregation- induced emission on surfaces and understanding the growth mechanism have not yet been pursued. Herein, MOFs constructed via the Ullmann-type reaction of a C 2 -symmetry TPE derivative ( p -BrTBE) on Au(111) and Cu(111) surfaces were thoroughly investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy. On a Au(111) surface, p -BrTBE molecules formed the self-assembled pattern at 298 K. Stepwise annealing led to a progressive evolution process, in which the stepwise debromination reaction led to organometallic intermediates, and surface-stabilized radicals and metal–organic networks were formed. By contrast, the relatively ordered MOFs were obtained by replacing the underlying substrate with the more catalytically active Cu(111) at 298 K. Density functional theory calculations demonstrated that the formation of different networks on Au(111) and Cu(111) was determined by the different conformations of the TBE unit on the different substrates due to the different adsorption energy.