Covalent Inhibition of Wild-Type HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Using a Fluorosulfate Warhead
Joseph A. Ippolito, Haichan Niu, Nicole Bertoletti, Zachary J. Carter, Shengyan Jin, Krasimir A. Spasov, José A. Cisneros, Margarita Valhondo, Kara J. Cutrona, Karen S. Anderson, William L. Jorgensen
Abstract
Covalent inhibitors of wild-type HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (CRTIs) are reported. Three compounds derived from catechol diether non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNRTIs) with addition of a fluorosulfate warhead are demonstrated to covalently modify Tyr181 of HIV-RT. X-ray crystal structures for complexes of the CRTIs with the enzyme are provided, which fully demonstrate the covalent attachment, and confirmation is provided by appropriate mass shifts in ESI-TOF mass spectra. The three CRTIs and six noncovalent analogues are found to be potent inhibitors with both IC50 values for in vitro inhibition of WT RT and EC50 values for cytopathic protection of HIV-1-infected human T-cells in the 5–320 nM range.