General correlation between R3 test results and compressive strengths for five families of supplementary cementitious materials
Imane Koufany, Ángeles G. De la Torre, Cinthya Redondo-Soto, Isabel Santacruz, Ana Cuesta, Daniela Gastaldi, Fulvio Canonico, Oliver Mazanec, Miguel Á. G. Aranda
Abstract
The incorporation of locally available supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in cement blends is essential for reducing the environmental impact of construction. However, assessing the pozzolanic kinetics, and thus the pozzolanic contribution at a given age, is challenging due to temperature differences between the two main evaluation methods: ASTM C1897 (40 °C, continuous heat release) and ASTM C311 (20 °C, Strength Activity Index at 28 days). This study examines 22 SCMs, analysing their composition, mineralogy, texture, and pozzolanic behaviour. ASTM C1897 was applied as prescribed, while ASTM C311 was modified by maintaining a constant water-to-binder ratio and introducing an additional 68% PC–20% SCM–10% limestone–2% gypsum series to better isolate pozzolan effects. The results confirmed established pozzolanic trends, with kaolinite-rich calcined clays ≳ silica fume > smectite-rich calcined clays > natural pozzolans ≳ class-F fly ashes. The modified series yielded clearer correlations, particularly between SAI 20ºC 28d and Heat 40ºC 3d , forming two well-defined clusters that reflect general behaviour. These findings suggest that the modified series could serve as a more reliable framework for future SAI evaluations. Moreover, for the 80% PC–20% SCM, the best correlation is found for the R 3 -heat release at 12 h (at 40ºC) and the SAI values at 28 days (at 20ºC). Additional insights into the pozzolanic kinetics and performance of the materials are also presented, contributing to a deeper understanding of their potential in sustainable construction practices.