The Long Term Residual Effects of COVID-Associated Coagulopathy
Marco Ranucci, Ekaterina Baryshnikova, Martina Anguissola, Sara Pugliese, Mara Falco, Lorenzo Menicanti
Abstract
During the acute phase of COVID-19, many patients experience a complex coagulopathy characterized by a procoagulant pattern. The present study investigates the persistence of hemostatic changes in post-COVID patients at a long-term follow up, and the link with the persistence of physical and neuropsychological symptoms. We completed a prospective cohort study on 102 post-COVID patients. Standard coagulation and viscoelastic tests were performed, along with an assessment of persistent symptoms and recording of acute phase details. A procoagulant state was adjudicated in the presence of fibrinogen > 400 mg/dL, or D-dimer > 500 ng/mL, or platelet count > 450,000 cells/µL, or a maxim clot lysis at viscoelastic test < 2%. A procoagulant state was identified in 75% of the patients at 3 months follow up, 50% at 6 months, and 30% at 12–18 months. Factors associated with the persistence of a procoagulant state were age, severity of the acute phase, and persistence of symptoms. Patients with major physical symptoms carry a procoagulant state relative risk of 2.8 (95% confidence interval 1.17–6.7, p = 0.019). The association between persistent symptoms and a procoagulant state raises the hypothesis that an ongoing process of thrombi formation and/or persistent microthrombosis may be responsible for the main physical symptoms in long-COVID patients.