Harmonic distortion in power systems due to electronic control and renewable energy integration: a comprehensive review
Jagdeep Kaur, S. K. Bath
Abstract
The present manuscript offers a detailed review of literature about the harmonic distortion causes and mitigation methods in modern electrical power systems. Harmonics, which are undesired frequency components in voltage and current waveforms, significantly impact power quality by causing equipment overheating, insulation failure, and increased energy losses. The growing deployment of power electronic devices—such as inverters, rectifiers, and cyclo-converters—has intensified harmonic distortion due to their inherently non-linear switching characteristics. These devices, although vital for controlling voltage, current, and frequency, are extensively used in electric vehicles, Light emitting diode lighting, and especially renewable energy systems, resulting in increased harmonic emissions into the grid. The integration of inverter-based renewable energy sources introduces complex harmonic patterns, altering both the amplitude and frequency spectrum of distortion. These changes challenge compliance with power quality standards and impose additional stress on transmission and distribution infrastructures. To counter these effects, researchers have developed various mitigation techniques. This review comprehensively explored about one hundred research publications from the year 2011 to 2025. The harmonic sources include supply systems, control devices, and non-linear loads to renewable energy systems in electrical networks. Mitigation techniques are classified as active filters, passive filters, hybrid filters, and advanced modulation/control approaches. This study aims to provide a structured and detailed perspective on existing challenges and emerging solutions in harmonic mitigation within renewable-integrated power systems.