Molecular Design of a Diketopyrrolopyrrole Conjugated Oligoelectrolyte Capable of Imaging Intracellular Vesicle Membrane Dynamics
Samuel J. W. Chan, Ji‐Yu Zhu, Benjamin Rui Peng Yip, Sukanya Shyamasundar, Guillermo C. Bazan
Abstract
Conjugated oligoelectrolytes (COEs) are lipid bilayer spanning optical reporters that hold promise for delineating spatiotemporal changes in subcellular compartments. However, their ability to probe a broader range of biological processes remains restricted due to the lack of environmentally-responsive chemical functionalities. Herein, the study reports a novel COE, namely COE-KP, for monitoring spatiotemporal changes in the endolysosomal vesicles. COE-KP features a central diketopyrrolopyrrole functional group in the optically active conjugated core that confers photophysical properties suitable for bioimaging, in particular responding to the presence of hydrogen bonding functionalities within the hydrophobic domain of the lipid bilayer. COE-KP can thus discriminate cells in different growth states through two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) with excitation in the NIR-II range. These changes in lifetime most reasonably reflect the degree of water permeability through the membrane and are not linked to notable differences in membrane tension or solvent polarity. Furthermore, using stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy, it is possible to directly visualize membrane-bound COEs within cellular vesicles. These results illustrate further opportunities for applying COE-based reporters for super-resolution microscopy of organelle membranes, visualization of subcellular membrane morphologies, and imaging long-term changes in membrane properties.