Systematic review on 3D concrete printing technology: breakthroughs and challenges
Adamu Ajahunegn Agegn, Yohannes Regassa, Kenatu Angassa, Kebede Nigussie Mekonnen
Abstract
3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) is reshaping construction by enabling automated fabrication, reducing material waste, and supporting more sustainable building solutions. This study presents a bibliometric and thematic analysis of global 3DCP research from 2015 to April 2025 using data from the ScienceDirect and Dimensions databases. VOSviewer was employed to map research trends, country collaborations, and thematic clusters. The review identifies four main focus areas: (I) advancements in 3DCP technologies, including process control and design optimization; (II) innovations in material mix design to enhance printability and mechanical performance; (III) evaluation of the mechanical and structural behavior of printed elements; and (IV) sustainability strategies through waste reduction and the use of recycled or alternative materials. The findings show rapid growth and increasing interdisciplinarity in 3DCP research, while highlighting persistent challenges related to interlayer bonding, reinforcement, durability, digital workflow integration (including BIM), and large-scale implementation. The study outlines priority directions for future work to support resilient, cost-effective, and sustainable 3DCP applications in real-world construction.