Integrated terrestrial-freshwater planning doubles conservation of tropical aquatic species
Cecília Gontijo Leal, Gareth D. Lennox, Sílvio Frosini de Barros Ferraz, Joice Ferreira, Toby Gardner, James R. Thomson, Érika Berenguer, Alexander Charles Lees, Robert M. Hughes, Ralph Mac Nally, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Janaína Gomes de Brito, Leandro Castello, Rachael Garrett, Neusa Hamada, Leandro Juen, Rafael P. Leitão, Júlio Louzada, Thiago Fonseca Morello, Nárgila Moura, Jorge Luiz Nessimian, José Max Barbosa de Oliveira, Victor Hugo Fonseca Oliveira, Vívian Campos de Oliveira, Luke Parry, Paulo dos Santos Pompeu, Ricardo Solar, Jansen Zuanon, Jos Barlow
Abstract
Conservation initiatives overwhelmingly focus on terrestrial biodiversity, and little is known about the freshwater cobenefits of terrestrial conservation actions. We sampled more than 1500 terrestrial and freshwater species in the Amazon and simulated conservation for species from both realms. Prioritizations based on terrestrial species yielded on average just 22% of the freshwater benefits achieved through freshwater-focused conservation. However, by using integrated cross-realm planning, freshwater benefits could be increased by up to 600% for a 1% reduction in terrestrial benefits. Where freshwater biodiversity data are unavailable but aquatic connectivity is accounted for, freshwater benefits could still be doubled for negligible losses of terrestrial coverage. Conservation actions are urgently needed to improve the status of freshwater species globally. Our results suggest that such gains can be achieved without compromising terrestrial conservation goals.