Neurodegeneration and astrogliosis in the entorhinal cortex in Alzheimer's disease: Stereological layer‐specific assessment and proteomic analysis
Veronica Astillero‐Lopez, Melania González-Rodríguez, Sandra Villar‐Conde, Alicia Flores‐Cuadrado, Alino Martı́nez-Marcos, Isabel Úbeda‐Bañón, Daniel Saiz‐Sánchez
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The entorhinal cortex is among the earliest areas involved in Alzheimer's disease. Volume reduction and neural loss in this area have been widely reported. Human entorhinal cortex atrophy is, in part, due to neural loss, but microglial and/or astroglial involvement in the different layers remains unclear. Additionally, -omic approaches in the human entorhinal cortex are scarce. METHODS: Herein, stereological layer-specific and proteomic analyses were carried out in the human brain. RESULTS: Neurodegeneration, microglial reduction, and astrogliosis have been demonstrated, and proteomic data have revealed relationships with up- (S100A6, PPP1R1B, BAG3, and PRDX6) and downregulated (GSK3B, SYN1, DLG4, and RAB3A) proteins. Namely, clusters of these proteins were related to synaptic, neuroinflammatory, and oxidative stress processes. DISCUSSION: Differential layer involvement among neural and glial populations determined by proteinopathies and identified proteins related to neurodegeneration and astrogliosis could explain how the cortical circuitry facilitates pathological spreading within the medial temporal lobe.