Lipoprotein Apheresis: Utility, Outcomes, and Implementation in Clinical Practice: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Eugenia Gianos, P. Barton Duell, Peter P. Tóth, Patrick M. Moriarty, Gilbert R. Thompson, Eliot A. Brinton, Lisa C. Hudgins, Mary Nametka, Kathleen Byrne, Geetha Raghuveer, Prashant Nedungadi, Laurence Sperling
Abstract
Despite the availability of multiple classes of lipoprotein-lowering medications, some high-risk patients have persistent hypercholesterolemia and may require nonpharmacologic therapy. Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) is a valuable but underused adjunctive therapeutic option for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) lowering, particularly in children and adults with familial hypercholesterolemia. In addition to lipid lowering, LA reduces serum levels of proinflammatory and prothrombotic factors, reduces blood viscosity, increases microvascular myocardial perfusion, and may provide beneficial effects on endothelial function. Multiple observational studies demonstrate strong evidence for improved cardiovascular outcomes with LA; however, use in the United States is limited to a fraction of its Food and Drug Administration-approved indications. In addition, there are limited data regarding LA benefit for refractory focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. In this scientific statement, we review the history of LA, mechanisms of action, cardiovascular and renal outcomes data, indications, and options for treatment.