Decoding the Fate of Himalayan Glaciers under Climate Change: Impacts, Challenges, Research Gaps, and Policy Pathways
Rayees Ahmed
Abstract
The Himalayan glaciers, a vital component of the Earth's cryosphere, are retreating at an unprecedented rate due to intensifying climate change, with far-reaching consequences for regional hydrology, ecosystems, and societies. This paper presents a comprehensive review of Himalayan glacier retreat under climate change, integrating evidence from satellite observations, field studies, and modelling. It synthesizes current understanding of glacier dynamics, including mass loss trends, basin-wise variability, debris-covered glacier processes, and the role of black carbon. The review examines cascading impacts on hydrology, agriculture, biodiversity, and high-altitude communities, with particular attention to the emergence of proglacial lakes and associated geohazards such as GLOFs, landslides, and avalanches. By mapping research advances alongside persistent knowledge gaps, the study identifies limitations in long-term glacier monitoring, coupled glacio-hydrological modelling, and socioeconomic vulnerability assessments. Finally, it proposes a policy framework that links climate adaptation, disaster risk reduction, and transboundary water governance, emphasizing ecosystem-based and community-led strategies. In doing so, the paper bridges physical science and socio-environmental perspectives to outline pathways for climate-resilient development in the Himalaya.