Room-Temperature Calcium Plating and Stripping Using a Perfluoroalkoxyaluminate Anion Electrolyte
Noel J. Leon, Xiaowei Xie, Mengxi Yang, Darren M. Driscoll, Justin G. Connell, Sang-Hyeon Kim, Trevor J. Seguin, John T. Vaughey, Mahalingam Balasubramanian, Kristin A. Persson, Chen Liao
Abstract
Multivalent ion chemistries, like Ca2+, used in energy storage boast the potential to utilize solid metallic anodes and provide high volumetric energy density. The promise of such systems relies on the ability to incorporate high-voltage cathode materials while sustaining robust plating and stripping at the anode. These processes are dependent on an electrochemically stable electrolyte for ion transport and storage. Here, we report an addition to the limited pool of nonaqueous electrolytes capable of plating and stripping calcium at room temperature. The synthesis and structural properties of calcium tetrakis(perfluoro-tert-butoxy) aluminate (Ca[TPFA]2) are described along with the electrochemical performance during plating and stripping (up to 55% Coulombic efficiency) and a proof of concept for full cell viability with a CuS cathode material. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and density functional theory (DFT) experiments were used to study both the bulk solvation structure around calcium and possible decomposition pathways of the weakly coordinating TPFA anion.