Targeted Sonodynamic Destruction of Glioblastoma Cells Using Antibody–Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Conjugates
George P. Lee, Alexander Willis, Sebastian Pernal, Abhijit H. Phakatkar, Tolou Shokuhfar, Vincent Blot, Herbert H. Engelhard
Abstract
Aim: We present data on sonodynamic therapy (SDT) against glioblastoma cells utilizing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles conjugated to anti-EGFR antibody. Materials & methods: TiO2 nanoparticles were bound to anti-EGFR antibody to form antibody-nanoparticle conjugates (ANCs), then characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Cells underwent ultrasound and assessment on viability, reactive oxygen species and apoptosis were performed. Results: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed the formation of an ANC. Transmission electron microscopy showed internalization of the ANCs by glioblastoma cells. With SDT, cell viabilities were reduced in the presence of ANCs, reactive oxygen species production was formed, but minimal effect on apoptosis was seen. Conclusion: For the first time, an ANC can be used with SDT to kill glioblastoma cells.