Biomarkers and ImmuneScores in lung cancer: predictive insights for immunotherapy and combination treatment strategies
Xiaoyu Yang, Bin Luo, Jianhui Tian, Yanhong Wang, Xinyi Lu, Jian Ni, Yun Yang, Lei Jiang, Shengxiang Ren
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Immunotherapy and combination therapies, involving chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and tumor anti-angiogenesis therapy, have shown promising clinical results and are expected to become a key approach in the future management of lung cancer. However, due to immune resistance, immunotherapy remains highly effective in only a subset of patients, while many others either do not respond initially or develop resistance over time. Moreover, immune-related adverse events induced by immunotherapy, further complicate treatment outcomes and prognosis. Immune-related biomarkers and ImmuneScores have driven the development of personalized immunotherapy strategies for lung cancer, and they can aid in predicting immune resistance, and forecasting immune-related adverse events (irAEs). This review summarizes the prognosis value of immune-related biomarkers and ImmuneScores in immunotherapy and combination therapies for lung cancer. The aim is to provide a foundation for personalized treatment and management of lung cancer, while offering guidance for future research directions in immunotherapy.