Nanocomposites of <scp>PLA</scp>/<scp>ZnO</scp> nanofibers for medical applications: Antimicrobial effect, thermal, and mechanical behavior under cyclic stress
Renato C. Nonato, Lúcia Helena Innocentini Mei, Baltus C. Bonse, Claudenete Vieira Leal, Carlos Emílio Levy, Flávio A. Oliveira, Camila Delarmelina, Marta Cristina Teixeira Duarte, Ana Rita Morales
Abstract
Abstract The application of biodegradable and biocompatible polymer poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in the medical field has been widely studied. In this study, films of neat PLA and PLA containing 1 wt% ZnO nanofibers obtained by electrospinning (PLA/ZnO) were successfully molded by solvent‐cast three‐dimensional (3D) printing. Mechanical behavior was assessed by conventional dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and by adapting the equipment conditions to simulate a mechanical fatigue test at human body temperature—cyclic stress in isotherm at 36.5°C. DMA results showed that for temperatures above 30°C, the storage module of PLA/ZnO was higher when compared to neat PLA, and in the fatigue test, PLA/ZnO withstood more than 3600 cycles while neat PLA failed after an average of 1768 cycles. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests revealed that cyclic stress did not cause changes in the degree of crystallinity of the PLA. The microdilution and plating methods were applied to bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus , Salmonella , and Escherichia coli ) and to yeast ( Candida albicans ) and revealed the antimicrobial effect of ZnO nanofibers and the PLA/ZnO composite. The antimicrobial activity and fatigue resistance of PLA/ZnO nanocomposites indicate that the material has potential for application in bone implants.