The Rheology and Physicochemical Characteristics of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: Their Clinical Implications
Salvatore Piero Fundarò, Giovanni Salti, Dennis Malvin Hernandez Malgapo, Silvia Innocenti
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers have become the most popular material for facial volume augmentation and wrinkle correction. Several filler brands are currently on the market all around the world and their features are extremely variable; for this reason, most users are unaware of their differences. The study of filler rheology has become a wellspring of knowledge, differentiating HA fillers, although these properties are not described thoroughly by the manufacturers. The authors of this review describe the more useful rheological properties that can help clinicians understand filler characteristics and the likely correlation of these features with clinical outcomes.