Current trends in the anterior cruciate ligament part II: evaluation, surgical technique, prevention, and rehabilitation
Volker Musahl, Ian D. Engler, Ehab M. Nazzal, Jonathan Dalton, Gian Andrea Lucidi, Jonathan D. Hughes, Stefano Zaffagnini, Francesco Della Villa, James J. Irrgang, Freddie H. Fu, Jón Karlsson
Abstract
Clinical evaluation and management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most widely researched topics in orthopedic sports medicine, giving providers ample data on which to base their practices. The ACL is also the most commonly treated knee ligament. This study reports on current topics and research in clinical management of ACL injury, starting with evaluation, operative versus nonoperative management, and considerations in unique populations. Discussion of graft selection and associated procedures follows. Areas of uncertainty, rehabilitation, and prevention are the final topics before a reflection on the current state of ACL research and clinical management of ACL injury. Level of evidence V.