Validation of a Telemedicine Quality Assurance Method for <scp>Point‐of‐Care</scp> Obstetric Ultrasound Used in <scp>Low‐Resource</scp> Settings
Anne Dougherty, Miriam Kasten, Michael DeSarno, Gary J. Badger, Mary Streeter, David C. Jones, Betsy L. Sussman, Kristen DeStigter
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: A remote quality assurance and improvement protocol for point-of-care obstetric ultrasound in low-resource areas was validated against the standard of care for obstetric ultrasound in the United States. METHODS: Compressed movie clip ultrasound images (obstetric sweep protocol) obtained by minimally trained personnel were read and interpreted by physicians with training in obstetric ultrasound. Observed findings were compared among readers and between each reader and the gold standard ultrasound scan report. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis. RESULTS: The agreements among readers and between readers and the gold standard, for the anterior and posterior variables of the placental location were excellent, with Cohen κ values of 0.81 to 0.88 and 0.77 to 0.9, respectively. Cohen κ values were slight or slight/fair for other placental locations (left, right, fundal, and low), and the sensitivity and specificity ranged widely. The agreement among readers and between readers and the gold standard for fetal number comparisons was also excellent, with Cohen κ values ranging from 0.82 to 1, sensitivity from 0.83 to 1, and specificity from 0.99 to 1. The agreement among readers for fetal presentation comparisons, according to the Cohen κ, ranged from 0.79 to 0.85 and between readers and the gold standard had values of 0.43 to 0.49. For biometric parameters and estimated gestational age calculations based on these parameters, inter-reader reliability ranged from 0.79 to 0.85 for all parameters except femur length. Greater than 94% of obstetric sweep protocol ultrasound ages were within 7 days of the corresponding gold standard age. CONCLUSIONS: Movie clip ultrasound images provided adequate information for remote readers to reliably determine the placental location, fetal number, fetal presentation, and pregnancy dating.