Phage–phage competition and biofilms affect interactions between two virulent bacteriophages and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>
Magdalena Bürkle, Imke H. E. Korf, Anne Lippegaus, Sebastian Krautwurst, Christine H. Rohde, Chantal Weissfuss, Geraldine Nouailles, Xavière Menatong Tene, Baptiste Gaborieau, Jean‐Marc Ghigo, Jean-Damien Ricard, Andreas C. Hocke, Kai Papenfort, Laurent Debarbieux, Martin Witzenrath, Sandra-Maria Wienhold, Krishnamoorthy Gopinath
Abstract
Virulent bacteriophages (or phages) are viruses that specifically infect and lyse a bacterial host. When multiple phages co-infect a bacterial host, the extent of lysis and dynamics of bacteria-phage and phage-phage interactions are expected to vary. The objective of this study is to identify the factors influencing the interaction of two virulent phages with different Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth states (planktonic, an infected epithelial cell line, and biofilm) by measuring the bacterial time-kill and individual phage replication kinetics. A single administration of phages effectively reduced P. aeruginosa viability in planktonic conditions and infected human lung cell cultures, but phage-resistant variants subsequently emerged. In static biofilms, the phage combination displayed initial inhibition of biofilm dispersal, but sustained control was achieved only by combining phages and the meropenem antibiotic. In contrast, adherent biofilms showed tolerance to phage and/or meropenem, suggesting a spatio-temporal variation in the phage-bacterial interaction. The kinetics of adsorption of each phage to P. aeruginosa during single or co-administration were comparable. However, the phage with the shorter lysis time depleted bacterial resources early and selected a specific nucleotide polymorphism that conferred a competitive disadvantage and cross-resistance to the second phage. The extent and strength of this phage-phage competition and genetic loci conferring phage resistance are, however, P. aeruginosa genotype-dependent. Nevertheless, adding phages sequentially resulted in their unimpeded replication with no significant increase in bacterial host lysis. These results highlight the interrelatedness of phage-phage competition, phage resistance, and specific bacterial growth state (planktonic/biofilm) in shaping the interplay among P. aeruginosa and virulent phages.