Review of the Tumor Microenvironment in Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Elizabeth Chiang, Haleigh Stafford, Jane Buell, Uma Ramesh, Moran Amit, Priyadharsini Nagarajan, Michael R. Migden, Dan Yaniv
Abstract
It is widely known that tumor cells of basal and squamous cell carcinoma interact with the cellular and acellular components of the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor growth and progression. While this environment differs for basal and squamous cell carcinoma, the cellular players within both create an immunosuppressed environment by downregulating effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and promoting the release of pro-oncogenic Th2 cytokines. Understanding the crosstalk that occurs within the tumor microenvironment has led to the development of immunotherapeutic agents, including vismodegib and cemiplimab to treat BCC and SCC, respectively. However, further investigation of the TME will provide the opportunity to discover novel treatment options.