Bioactive Compounds, Pharmacological Properties, and Utilization of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): A Comprehensive Review
Jyoti Singh, Rasane Prasad, Hamita Preet Kaur, Kaushal Jajoria, Arshminder Singh Chahal, Anjali Verma, Mohammed Kara, Amine Assouguem, Jamila Bahhou
Abstract
The pomegranate, or Punica granatum L., is well known for its extensive historical background and wide range of bioactive chemicals, which underlie its powerful pharmacological effects. Notably, hydrolysable tannins, including punicalagin, punicalin, gallic acid, and derivatives of ellagic acid, constitute pivotal agents driving antioxidant potential. Anthocyanins, exemplified by delphinidin derivatives, contribute to its vibrant pigmentation. This review navigates through the intricate interplay of pomegranate's bioactive constituents and their pharmacological impacts. With a focus on antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer attributes, pomegranate's diverse therapeutic potential is underscored. The distinctive presence of ellagic acid lends anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, while punicalagin's multifaceted effects include cardio protection and antimicrobial activity. Exploration of extraction methods highlights avenues for preserving these compounds. Conventional and nonconventional techniques, includ ng ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction, extract maximum benefits while minimizing environmental impact. Pomegranate's influenceextends to enriching a plethora of food products. It elevates dairy, meat, and bakery items by infusing them with nutritional robustness and potent antioxidants. Furthermore, the integration of pomegranate-derived extracts into edible coatings and films augments food preservation and safety in a natural manner. As a nexus of tradition and innovation, pomegranate emerges as asource of natural wellness, rooted in ancient reverence, and validated by modern science. The current review provides a comprehensive understanding of pomegranate's exclusive bioactive compounds and their pivotal role in pharmacological activities, along with the methods of extraction and utilization in the development of value-added products.