Rare earth elements and uranium in Minjingu phosphate fertilizer products: Plant food for thought
Nils Haneklaus, Dennis A. Mwalongo, Jacob Bulenga Lisuma, Aloyce Amasi, Jerome M. Mwimanzi, Tomislav Bituh, Jelena Ćirić, Jakub Nowak, Urszula Ryszko, P. Rusek, Ali Maged, Essaïd Bilal, Hajar Bellefqih, Khaoula Qamouche, Jamal Ait Brahim, Rédouane Beniazza, Hamid Mazouz, Elizabet M. van der Merwe, Wayne Truter, Hilda Dinah Kyomuhimbo, Hendrik G. Brink, Gerald Steiner, Martin Bertau, Raghav S. Soni, Ashwin W. Patwardhan, Pushpito K. Ghosh, Thomas Kivevele, Kelvin Mtei, Stanisław Wacławek
Abstract
Minjingu phosphate ore is Tanzania's sole domestic supply of phosphorus (P). The ore contains medium to high concentrations of naturally occurring P2O5 (20–35 %) and relevant concentrations of uranium and rare earth elements (REEs) are also suspected to be present. Currently, neither uranium nor REEs are recovered. They either end up in mine tailings or are spread across agricultural soils with fertilizer products. This work provides a first systematic review of the uranium and REE concentrations that can be expected in the different layers of Minjingu phosphate ore, the way the ore is presently processed, as well as a discussion on alternative processing pathways with uranium/REE recovery. The study analyzed ten distinct Minjingu phosphate ore layers, four mine tailings, and five intermediate and final mineral fertilizer products from the Minjingu mine and processing plant located in northern Tanzania. The results confirm that the uranium concentrations and to a lesser degree, the REE concentrations are indeed elevated if compared to concentrations in other phosphate ores. The study does not identify a significant risk resulting from this. The development of techno-economic solutions for more comprehensive utilization of Minjingu ore is, however, strongly encouraged and suggestions on such processes are provided.