Synthesis and characterization of Ce-doped TiO <sub>2</sub> nanoparticles and their enhanced anticancer activity in Y79 retinoblastoma cancer cells
Balachandran Kartha, Kalaivani Thanikachalam, Natesan Vijayakumar, Naiyf S. Alharbi, Shine Kadaikunnan, Jamal M. Khaled, Kasi Gopinath, Marimuthu Govindarajan
Abstract
Abstract Rare earth metal cerium-doped titania nanoparticles (titanium dioxide [TiO 2 ]) were produced utilizing a low-cost and straightforward sol–gel technique, and its enhanced photodynamic anticancer activity was tested on Y79 retinoblastoma cancer cells. The structural, optical, morphological, anticancer activity, and cytotoxicity of pure and cerium-doped TiO 2 (Ce-doped TiO 2 ) were investigated. In X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, apparent doping of cerium in TiO 2 was detected, with reported anatase patterns shifting toward a lower angle in the anatase structure. Raman spectra verify the presence of cerium doping in TiO 2 by revealing greater wave number shifting. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis showed that the synthesized TiO 2 and Ce-doped TiO 2 nearly spherical. TiO 2 and Ce-doped TiO 2 were studied for their photodynamic anticancer activities, and the results suggest that cerium doping in TiO 2 improves anticancer activity.