Interpretation of Annual Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2019

Abstract

The Chinese edition of Annual Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2019 have been published[1], and we present herein an interpretation of the report. Influencing factors on cardiovascular health Tobacco use The smoking prevalence among Chinese residents has shown a downward trend. According to the Chinese Adult Tobacco Survey in 2018, the current smoking prevalence among Chinese residents ≥15 years of age was 26.6%, which was higher in rural areas (28.9%) than in urban areas (25.1%), and the daily consumption by each smoker was 16.0 cigarettes on average. The highest prevalence was found in the 45 to 64 age group (30.2%), while the lowest was among people with college education or above (20.5%). According to the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS)-China 2014, the overall prevalence of tobacco use among Chinese adolescents was 6.9%. It was higher among boys (11.2%) than girls (2.2%) in junior high school, and higher in rural areas (7.8%) than in cities (4.8%). The proportion of attempt to smoke in students was 18.8%, 28.9% for boys and 7.7% for girls. The top 3 provinces with the highest prevalence of smoking were Tibet (19.0%), Yunnan (16.1%), and Guizhou (14.9%). In general, the rate of second-hand smoke exposure among non-smokers in China has been declining, with 72.4% in 2010 and 68.1% in 2018. And 35.5% were exposed to second-hand smoke almost every day, 44.9% of the respondents reported seeing someone smoking in their own homes, 50.9% of indoor workers witnessed people smoking in their workplaces. Internet cafes (89.3%), bars and nightclubs (87.5%), and restaurants (73.3%) were the most common indoor public places with severe exposure to second-hand smoke. The proportion of non-smokers who witnessed smoking in coffee shops and teahouses, universities, government buildings, medical and health institutions, taxis, primary and secondary schools, and public transport were 48.4%, 33.3%, 31.1%, 24.4%, 23.5%, 23.4%, and 12.9%, respectively. In 2018, 86.0% of the people believed that smoking could cause serious diseases. The awareness rates of specific diseases caused by smoking ranked from high to low were lung cancer (82.8%), heart disease (50.8%), stroke (41.4%), and impotence (26.0%). And 20.1% of the people realized that smoking was a common trigger for all the above 4 diseases, 71.4% of the people thought that second-hand smoke would cause serious diseases. The awareness of these diseases ranked from high to low as lung disease lung cancer and heart disease And of the people that second-hand smoke was the common cause for all the above 3 diseases. In the prevalence of smoking among Chinese was In 2018, to in than in was urban and rural areas The prevalence of smoking in age group was smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke of the factors for of in The of with smoking in Chinese was and the was The was among and among The was among and among the years from to the in Chinese residents It was by the that the of and the The of and The of and in the was as high as The of was the in was higher than that in a downward with and The daily of was than China Health and Survey been 4 to The that the from was in Chinese with the of in which the by while that from with the of in which to the of According to of 2010 to among all factors to the from cardiovascular diseases, high for ranked by of and According to the of in and 2010 to the of factors for the of cardiovascular diseases in Chinese The of factors from in to in with the and of the from cardiovascular diseases caused by from in to in 2010 to 2010 to the prevalence of proportion of people who in the to the in the Chinese residents ≥15 years was which was higher than that in The daily among was than that in The prevalence of for and for was of diseases in China from to the that was for of and of a with which was for with a was with an of stroke by to and a of while 4 a the of stroke by According to the Global of the current prevalence for Chinese was and the of daily was The to for of and the years were The current prevalence for Chinese was and the of daily was The to for of and the were for of and in Youth was in Chinese and adolescents in and respectively. was to to students from primary and secondary all provinces in the of In students the which was higher than that in In the of on and among primary and secondary students were and on while to and on The were higher in boys than in girls. The of in urban students were than their rural on were higher on for that of According to the of Chinese from in to in The by in from to while the in was Chinese in from in to in that the of Chinese to to by and by while the in to and of among Chinese from to to Report on Diseases in the in among years from in 2010 to in The in urban areas was than that in rural while was and in 2014, the prevalence of was among Chinese residents and in of urban in than rural The lowest prevalence was in the group to while the highest in to The China an years of among than with cardiovascular diseases was with the of which was by in the top of as with that in the 4 higher of was with a of The of was for and of disease in the of were almost in for of the The and was and respectively. The proportion of by public and was and respectively. and Chinese Survey on and Health was to than students to years were in each and were by the of on in The prevalence of and among Chinese adolescents It was among to in The prevalence of and in was and of that in of and rates among Chinese adolescents years to the Report on and Health of Chinese the prevalence of and among Chinese years and in It was by and with the in The in rural areas was higher than that in China Survey was in residents years from provinces in China from to The prevalence of for and for was in and in The of with was to The found that a was with a in the of by heart disease by stroke by and by respectively. as the of the could to with for and for for and for was with an in the of by by and by In high for in The of to high was and of was to high In the medical to and in China was for of the medical of the 4 heart and In and a of on which was for of the of the heart and and for of the health health According to the from cardiovascular of of Chinese cities in 2014, the prevalence rate of and was the was The prevalence of and the proportion of current and in the was was with and and were in the China The prevalence of in China was in with and in the of which were than in in China was with a higher of with The of to was higher in the China than in China According to the from the overall prevalence of was among to a of higher of was in with with The in urban residents was an for heart Cardiovascular factors to found that the of residents years was for and for with while and with to among years in provinces of China to provinces in It was found that the prevalence of from in to in It an and was a from to from that among Chinese residents the overall prevalence of was prevalence rate of high in Chinese from to in of to years in that was with higher of cardiovascular and higher of than In cardiovascular and cardiovascular were to in Chinese from of in to to and that the prevalence of among Chinese ≥15 years was and an trend. According to from to the prevalence of in Chinese years was prevalence The prevalence of was among and the prevalence was The prevalence of was in to 64 in to and in of of Chinese ≥15 years in on the from the Survey of Report on Chinese Diseases and and the and of been in the China of from to which to years by a the and rates of and were and rate and rate of from to to to the rates of and of were higher in than in and all and higher in urban residents than in rural residents and were in the than in age a and the of cardiovascular and In cardiovascular and cardiovascular were to in among with were and respectively. In people of in for of for among Chinese in with of these to all would and and years with the It was that the health or of could the and and and the medical in Annual of in health of in China that the than the 2010 to the of with in China from in 2010 to in The rate of of diseases and of as an the of and in the the rate and rate of from and in to and in and the prevalence rate from in to in The 2010 Chinese Survey on and Health than to that the prevalence of was among in It was higher in boys than in girls and with age in According to the from in the prevalence of in Chinese from in to in with an of on average. the of primary in and According to the on to years in from to 2014, for the of high of from in to in 2014, the for from in to in The for of and in was than that for The China and was in to on in rural areas and in urban from and in the of and Chinese and Diseases in was on the was in of to the proportion of the urban overall and years and above were and the was In with the from Chinese and Health Survey in the and in The urban and rural areas The of Chinese from China Survey of in 2010 and Report on Chinese Diseases and that the overall prevalence of as the of of in Chinese years in and were and respectively. According to the from the to and the prevalence of in China by to 4 with that in the high of been as the the prevalence of high and high would and which was higher than that of low and high that the of in China of in Chinese residents a was on and adolescents to years from primary and secondary in in was by the of on and of in and in and The prevalence of low and was and respectively. day, and the factors of among and the and rates of among Chinese a low In with high or high of cardiovascular diseases the rates and of from and rates of among Chinese residents from 3 China Survey of the to 2014, to Chinese for the of in among Chinese high for and high for of residents with high for and with high their residents the with high and with high have the In rural residents who have the rate was for with high and for with high in China that the the the the of and in with from the lowest to the highest Chinese from The from to and with The of and stroke higher The of stroke was higher in of years or from and in the of the Chinese the prevalence of was and that of in in the of was that Chinese have in with were of their and were of a to years from in that was with from and stroke It was that was a of a of years of for with the age of in China with who were by use of The were to a group or of 3 or were in and in were for to years to the of with the group a in of an in of of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease that in people with the of and disease was from to 2010 among years or from provinces in China to the prevalence of disease The prevalence of rate than was and of to than was The overall prevalence of was the of with in China to for China of years or that were from to the of on the of the medical was to the of Diseases The Annual Report of and that with and of respectively. the of was and in with and in with and and 7.7% in with respectively. In 2014, the of with was which was higher than In was for with and for of years or were in the of 2010 to China and Health Survey was to the Adult The overall prevalence of was of on the of in to that the prevalence of was in that the prevalence of in China was and the of age of in the was The prevalence was in in people and in a to years a of years of of the reported the of in or reported and reported for 3 a of factors that 3 were with of with of and was with higher of The and was in than in of on in China from to that the prevalence of was for and for of on the daily of and of in cities in China from to that the of cardiovascular by and for each of and for each of respectively. from China cities that an of in was with a in on the for of for for heart for heart and for from that exposure to was with of and in Chinese each of the of and by and respectively. on the disease caused by indoor in provinces and cities of China from to that stroke and ranked in the and to to for the caused by indoor In rural indoor from use for and was with higher of cardiovascular and with the residents who or for who for a of for cardiovascular and for and who for a of for cardiovascular and for of and in China have been and the was the health from in that were and years of in in China than in and of cardiovascular diseases In the of Health the of the for and of Diseases to as the of the of and the of the of were of were in and It that with among by primary health In of the current of health in and have a and for and of the health has the for of diseases. The in which that medical and medical for the health The of in for of which on the health that medical of and health the the for Cardiovascular Diseases the China and with medical to the Cardiovascular Diseases than have in the of the by of health or and as than residents have been for for primary medical and the and for of Cardiovascular to as was in the Health in than were in and in and of were by among residents to years in the for of or and for and of residents from were were with were and and the was Cardiovascular diseases and The prevalence of in China on the The of with to of with with heart disease with heart with with heart with heart with disease and with In the of ranked the above that of cancer and diseases The of in rural areas and to higher than that in urban areas In the of in rural areas was of for heart disease and for and the of in urban areas was of for heart disease and for in of diseases among rural and urban residents in China from to of cardiovascular in urban and rural China from to diseases the cause of among urban and rural In for and of in rural and urban of were to of of among rural and urban residents in According to China Health 2018, the of on the In was higher among rural residents than among urban residents and higher in than in The of in rural areas and that in urban areas by of heart disease in urban and rural areas of China from to to the of a trend. It In the of in rural areas that in urban According to the Health Survey in the prevalence of was in urban in rural and in with the in in urban in rural and in the prevalence in urban areas that in on these and on the from the in was that would with among Chinese residents ≥15 was than that of the with all in which was on the from the Health the prevalence of in 3 Health Survey from of prevalence of heart disease in 3 health from to the of in urban and rural areas of China from to In China secondary and were from and in and medical were It was found that in the years from to among all with the proportion of was and the of 3 of in urban and rural areas of China from to of the from who were for in from to that the by and and age with the in the The in with in with the the of to from to while the proportion of in that of of and in from to on residents in and of that of the residents of heart than the and for years the of heart and of residents that would to to the a heart China the from with who were to from to all as believed that the for thought that the would and the in the China were by by were to in or and to or According to the China of with reported or The most common were or of in or and or of the of that and were the in the with The prevalence was and respectively. for in and in of with of and could by or The medical The proportion of was and the was high According to the of medical of in China from to most of the on and smoking In than of the 3 to than the on was in with which years of from in and of with of from in China that in of the and of were for cardiovascular and the in with has in while the the The of by and the a downward trend. In 2018, the of was with a prevalence of in the of China in The of in with was The of was and for in China from to to the of in Chinese urban from to and the from to with the in the among by in and the of from to and the of from to and from to The proportion of with than from to The proportion of who an overall for than from to with who in 4 in It was found that of were for while of who have who were were to and were in who were which that the of was in with According to the of by the from 2010 to 2014, the of was The of was and the was The of was which was higher than that of and to the for with in for the of each by The by for The for of to in for that a with disease In the of disease among Chinese residents was for of It ranked the cause of to and heart disease According to the people of disease in China in from China Health that the of disease in was higher in than in and higher in rural areas than in It was among urban residents and among rural the in cities and the in rural to the of disease in rural areas was higher than that in urban It by in urban areas and in rural areas from to of rate of disease in urban and rural residents in China from to Survey of in China was among residents years in urban and rural in provinces in The overall of stroke was and the age of people with stroke was the 2010 as a the was It was higher in than in and higher in rural areas than in cities The prevalence of stroke was higher in than in The of stroke with the highest in China and the lowest in China In a on in China was among in by a The of was of which among and among It that of in In China was to the prevalence and factors of stroke among residents years in The prevalence of stroke was to in and in in urban and in rural According to the on in the prevalence of was among and among It that in According to the from Global of and the of to stroke in China from the in to the in were in and in which by among all by of The rates of stroke in and were and respectively. It by among all by of the top cause of in According to China Health 2018, the of with in was with an of and a medical of The of with was with an of and a medical of According to the in the of with was and the was The of was and the on was The and on in were higher than in secondary of heart According to the prevalence of was in Chinese residents years or It was higher in rural residents than in urban And of the were as for the and of their The prevalence with and heart disease were as factors for in the The overall prevalence of stroke in Chinese with was It was in with and in with In with age and were factors for The Chinese with in from to It was found that the proportion of with in The of use were and for with and respectively. of use among It from to in and from to among According to the from the proportion of for by for and of the in and 2018, respectively. was of the for of the The of stroke was and that of was from to were The overall of was which was higher in than in on was to for in China In a who were for an of The of was and the was The of was by and According to the of the of the Health in by with that in for and than for which by has been in than in According to the from the of the Health the of has been with an of to In 2018, the of all the for and and According to the from the of the Health in 2018, of was and was was for secondary and for primary In of from with in from to that of the that the were in In was for of According to the from the of the Health which by and by with in and heart disease In a of with heart disease from and the of China that heart disease was the most by disease and disease The prevalence of in the heart was The was the most common in the heart disease and In the was According to the of the of Chinese of of in China every According to the from China the of in China a downward from to 2018, with a of from to was a in with was in and that been in In the and the were on the In the in China was the most in China the which was the to by the China and of the in with and the rate was and were and The of and were and 18.8%, respectively. the and of the and in with severe The rate of the was the was the of stroke was and rate of was heart disease heart disease in the of in in The prevalence in most of which from to According to China Health 2018, the of heart diseases among urban residents in China was in which was higher in rural areas than in urban and higher in than in In 2018, heart disease in in China ranked the among all The of for heart disease in of Chinese of was and the was on the from the of Health and the the of in for of heart disease was in The in in was which was higher than that in The rate was the of serious was and the was and the top 3 heart diseases for and to a of residents in provinces and that the prevalence of in China was It was higher in than in The and prevalence was It was that would than with in was from to on residents from in provinces in of were with an prevalence of of with from in China in and were by Chinese of Chinese The proportion of was and respectively. The China with from from to of were with on with found that specific were in of the of which and for the caused by in the have shown that in of with of which for the was found that the of the was a for in which was a of with a The specific of that the of was in Chinese of and the of their and an of disease for the in the which was as by the of the was among residents from cities and rural areas in China that the prevalence of was in the to years in It was higher in than in higher in the than in the and higher in urban than in rural areas It was that were 4 with in from to and found that the prevalence of was among years or which was higher than that in The prevalence of with and were and respectively. The prevalence of was and that of was that the of in China have with the proportion of by and the of in the primary trigger for by and with in in the rates in and were and respectively. with from in China from to and the was of the of with in China in and to that the of while that of and the China and has to the and of heart for of which by The the of which by to were heart and the to with the The the of which by to were in 3 and the of the to to the all the a of to with the of the by the for the of with heart in was and the was which the the of heart heart been in from to 2018, with in in in and in 2018. The of heart in China was which was to the heart in to by the for and disease and to of the in than in China were as The of was of with in from to in China that were with were for age and the rate from in to in the from in to in and the of from to It that the of in China has while the of and has been to Chinese to medical or from to The factors for in and medical were and respectively. disease and disease disease According to the from China health in the of in China was with an age of which was than that of years in to the of According to the from of Health the age of in the of China was and were as of in China that the age of was years than in and the of for of in of residents years with factors were from 3 cities and rural in The prevalence of was and was higher in to years than in age disease According to of the Chinese years or disease and the factors for in and current smoking the and for urban and rural residents from in that the prevalence of among Chinese residents years was the of with stroke from to It was found that the prevalence of common was that of of was and that of of was a common of in the and on with in the years found that the proportion of from in the to to in to The proportion of caused by from to The proportion of caused by and ≥15 a of of residents with an age of years in found that of ≥15 with from to It was found that the prevalence of in years was while that of in years was of cardiovascular diseases In a of secondary and found that of among of the and of the secondary was in of the and in The that were in and in the and rural It was that of could to 2018, the of and the of in China in found that were and in medical The in reported than and in China with stroke to from to It was found that of the were for in the was by a for of the and by a or for and of cardiovascular diseases cardiovascular in China from The were in and in were of from and the the of by and the of in 2018. to the a of medical for of were cardiovascular and were by which that in a in the of medical in of an of The was to the with of and

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