New Insights for Exploring the Risks of Bioaccumulation, Molecular Mechanisms, and Cellular Toxicities of AgNPs in Aquatic Ecosystem
Uzma Ramzan, Waqar Majeed, Abdul Ahad Hussain, Fasiha Qurashi, Safi Ur Rehman Qamar, Muhammad Naeem, Jalal Uddin, Ajmal Khan, Ahmed Al‐Harrasi, Saiful Izwan Abd Razak, Tze Yan Lee
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are commonly used in numerous consumer products, including textiles, cosmetics, and health care items. The widespread usage of AgNPs results in their unavoidable discharge into the ecosystem, which pollutes the aquatic, groundwater, sediments, and marine environments. These nanoparticles (NPs) activate the production of free radicals reactive species in aquatic organisms that interrupt the functions of DNA, cause mitochondrial dysfunction, and increase lipid peroxidation, which terminates the development and reproduction both in vivo and in vitro. The life present in the aquatic ecosystem is becoming threatened due to the release and exploitation of AgNPs. Managing the aquatic ecosystem from the AgNP effects in the near future is highly recommended. In this review, we discussed the background of AgNPs, their discharge, and uptake by aquatic organisms, the mechanism of toxicity, different pathways of cytotoxicity, and bioaccumulation, particularly in aquatic organisms. We have also discussed the antimicrobial activities of AgNPs along with acute and chronic toxicity in aquatic groups of organisms.