PI3K/AKT/mTOR and PD‑1/CTLA‑4/CD28 pathways as key targets of cancer immunotherapy (Review)
Shuangcui Wang, Changyu Liu, Chenxin Yang, Yutong Jin, Qian Cui, Dong Wang, Ting Ge, Guixin He, Wentao Li, Guan Zhang, Aqing Liu, Ying Xia, Yunhe Liu, Jianchun Yu
Abstract
T cells play an important role in cancer, and energy metabolism can determine both the proliferation and differentiation of T cells.The inhibition of immune checkpoint molecules programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) are a promising cancer treatment.In recent years, research on CD28 has increased.Although numerous reports involve CD28 and its downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling mechanisms in T cell metabolism, they have not yet been elucidated.A literature search strategy was used for the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library to ensure broad coverage of medical and scientific literature, using a combination of keywords including, but not limited to, 'lung cancer' and 'immunotherapy'.Therefore, the present study reviewed the interaction and clinical application of the PD-1/CTLA-4/CD28 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways in T cells, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for immunotherapy in clinical cancer patients.Contents 1. Introduction 2. Proliferation and differentiation process of Tn/Tm in cancer and changes in energy metabolism 3. Structure and function of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway 4. Interactions between the PD-1/CTLA-4/CD28 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways affect T cell metabolism 5. Clinical treatment 6.