The role of digital health and artificial intelligence in improving the reach and effectiveness of HIV prevention in Africa
Alinafe Mbewe, Hammond N Sarkwah, Olugbenga A. Ijaodola, Jirair Ratevosian, Solomon Simba, Tyler R. Smith, Wisdom K Atiwoto, Kevin P. Cain, Sarah N Konopka, Chukwugozie Ujam, Stephanie M. Topp, William Wu, Tione R Chilambe, Eric Dusabe, Rouella Mendonca, Katherine Norwood, Dylan Green, Carly A. Comins, NELLIE BRISTOL, Maureen Luba, Gaetan Gatete, Dana Morcillo, Betha O Igbinosun, Deborah Hoege, Charles B. Holmes
Abstract
As global HIV prevention efforts face mounting fiscal pressures and persistent coverage gaps, digital health interventions (DHIs), including artificial intelligence, promise improved effectiveness, equity, and reach. Across several countries in sub-Saharan Africa, digital health tools, including mobile applications and health information systems, are extending service delivery, optimising resource allocation, improving client engagement, and strengthening HIV prevention service delivery. Artificial intelligence applications are further enhancing data analytics, epidemic modelling, hotspot prediction, and differentiated service delivery models for HIV care and prevention programmes. However, crucial challenges that reduce the effectiveness of DHIs include poor interoperability, low digital literacy, suboptimal data use and interpretation, insufficient connectivity, privacy concerns, and fragmented governance. Intentional integration of DHIs into national health strategies, supported by robust data protection frameworks, culturally relevant design, investments in workforce capacity, and sustainable financing mechanisms is essential to ensure these tools drive lasting gains in the reach, quality, and equity of HIV care and other health services. If properly resourced, governed, and integrated into health systems, DHIs, supported by artificial intelligence, can help countries deliver smarter, faster, and more equitable HIV prevention services, while also contributing to broader health system strengthening.