Sustainable energy solutions: the role of biotechnology and algal biofuels in environmental preservation
Shweta Kumari, Krishna Dalania, Shanu Magotra, Abhishek Kumar Singh, Neelam Prabha Negi
Abstract
The reliance on fossil fuels poses severe environmental challenges, including pollution, ecosystem damage, and resource depletion. In contrast, biofuels, derived from renewable and biodegradable feedstocks like agricultural residues and algae, offer a sustainable alternative. This review explores advancements in biotechnology, including genetic and metabolic engineering, CRISPR-Cas9, and enzyme optimization, use of algal biofuels which have significantly improved biofuel production efficiency and scalability. Algae possess high photosynthetic efficiency, rapid growth rates, and the ability to thrive in non-arable land and wastewater, making them an attractive feedstock for biofuel production. The biorefineries further enhances the conversion of biomass into biofuels and value-added products while minimizing environmental impacts. Despite their potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and reduce fossil fuel dependency, challenges such as land use, water consumption, and resource-intensive processes remain significant. By addressing the technological, ethical, and economic aspects of biofuel production, this review underscores the importance of biotechnological innovations in fostering a sustainable and resilient energy future.