Significance of enzymes for the recycling of wasted non-food biomass to value added products: A sustainable stewardship towards the cleaner environment
Gursharan Singh, Sudarshan Sahu, Saumya Bharti, Shailendra Kumar Arya
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is considered as one of the most plentiful resources on the earth. The complex structure of LCB is responsible for its resistant nature and major hitch before its efficient exploitation. The present study highlights the significant potential of enzymes for converting agro-based non-food LCB into value-added products through sustainable and environment-friendly processes. The intricate working and collaborative functionalities of diverse enzymes, including lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), cellulases, hemicellulases, and lignin-degrading biocatalysts, are thoroughly examined and elucidated in depth. The synergistic action of enzymes is vital to the successful breakdown of recalcitrant LCB structure that facilitating the liberation of fermentable sugars that leads to the synthesis of valuable by-products such as xylitol, biogas and bioplastic. The enzyme mediated extraction of intact cellulose from LCB is also highly valued due to its use for the production of pulp and paper. The current review also underscores the advantages associated with in-situ enzyme production and whole-cell biocatalysis strategies that can alleviate the expenses related to enzyme acquisition. Additionally, it sheds light on enzyme immobilization methodologies, notably leveraging nanoparticle technology, as a means to enhance enzyme stability and recyclability. Moreover, the integration of machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence methodologies in optimizing enzymatic processes is scrutinized. Overall this review furnishes a comprehensive understanding of the pivotal role of enzymes play in optimizing the LCB utilization and advocates for their extended incorporation in sustainable biorefinery frameworks and waste management endeavours.