Hydroxyapatite: A Comprehensive Review of Its Properties, Applications, and Future Trends
Ibraheem Redhwi, Ahmad Fallatah, Fahad Alshabona
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a bioactive ceramic material which has given an important attention in the biomedical field because of its high biocompatibility and structural similarity to human’s and mammal’s bone. This study provides a comprehensive exploration of HA's properties, applications, and future trends, accentuating its potential in several domains beyond its traditional uses in bone and dental implants. HA's unique characteristics, including its osteoconductivity and ability to promote bone regeneration, make it an ideal candidate for advanced tissue engineering and drug delivery systems. The review discusses the fundamental properties of HA, such as its chemical composition, physical structure, and biological compatibility, which collectively contribute to its effectiveness in medical applications. Furthermore, ongoing research is highlighted, particularly in the development of nanostructured HA and composite materials, aimed at enhancing its mechanical properties and expanding its use in complex medical scenarios. Additionally, the implications of emerging technologies, specifically 3D printing and the potential of 4D printing, are examined. These innovations allow for the creation of personalized scaffolds tailored to individual patient needs, enhancing the prospects for regenerative medicine. The versatility of HA is further illustrated through its applications in non-medical fields, including environmental remediation and as a component in fertilizers and water purification systems. Overall, this review underscores the critical role that hydroxyapatite plays in bridging the gap between biological and synthetic materials. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying future research directions, this work aims to pave the way for further advancements in the use of HA across various biomedical and industrial contexts, ultimately contributing to improved health outcomes and innovative material solutions.