Advanced Recovery Strategies for Metallic and Nonmetallic Fractions from Waste Printed Circuit Boards: A Comprehensive Review
Jie Zhang, Zhengxin Peng, Jiang Wang, Ruiqi Wang, Hui Xu, Shanshan Mao, Wei Deng, Jiang Nan, Qian Feng, Xing Zhou
Abstract
The recycling approach for waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) has evolved from stabilization to value-added processes. However, the variability in the value of their components hinders the development of comprehensive WPCB recycling strategies as a whole. This paper reviews advanced recovery strategies for various fractions including base metals, precious metals, rare earth metals, hazardous metals, and nonmetals. The focal points were to elucidate the complex WPCB structure and composition, and the associated recycling challenges, and to evaluate the advanced technologies for the recovery of various fractions. From a forward-looking recycling perspective, the different fractions should be treated separately to minimize environmental impact, recycle product usage, and maximize economic benefits. A comprehensive framework for resource recovery from WPCBs is proposed to guide future research and promote a green, circular economy in electronics waste management.