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Gravitational waves in higher order teleparallel gravity

Salvatore Capozziello, Maurizio Capriolo, Loredana Caso

2020Classical and Quantum Gravity26 citationsDOIOpen Access PDF

Abstract

Abstract The teleparallel equivalent of higher order Lagrangians like L □ R = − R + a 0 R 2 + a 1 R □ R can be obtained by means of the boundary term B = 2∇ μ T μ . In this perspective, we derive the field equations in presence of matter for higher-order teleparallel gravity considering, in particular, sixth-order theories where the □ operator is linearly included. In the weak field approximation, gravitational wave solutions for these theories are derived. Three states of polarization are found: the two standard + and × polarizations, namely 2-helicity massless transverse tensor polarizations, and a 0-helicity massive, with partly transverse and partly longitudinal scalar polarization. Moreover, these gravitational waves (GWs) exhibit four oscillation modes related to four degrees of freedom: the two classical + and × tensor modes of frequency ω 1 , related to the standard Einstein waves with <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:math> ; two mixed longitudinal-transverse scalar modes for each frequencies ω 2 and ω 3 , related to two different 4-wave vectors, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> . The four degrees of freedom are the amplitudes of each individual mode, i.e. <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ϵ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>̂</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mfenced close=")" open="("> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ϵ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>̂</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mfenced close=")" open="("> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <

Topics & Concepts

PhysicsGravitational wavePolarization (electrochemistry)Scalar (mathematics)Massless particleTensor (intrinsic definition)GravitationClassical mechanicsScalar fieldGravitational fieldGeneral relativityMathematical physicsBoundary value problemTransverse planeQuantum electrodynamicsOperator (biology)EinsteinLinearized gravityOscillation (cell signaling)Field (mathematics)Scalar theories of gravitationField equationSpeed of gravityOrder (exchange)Tensor fieldCosmology and Gravitation TheoriesPulsars and Gravitational Waves ResearchBlack Holes and Theoretical Physics