Flavanol Consumption in Healthy Men Preserves Integrity of Immunological‐Endothelial Barrier Cell Functions: Nutri(epi)genomic Analysis
Dragan Milenković, Ana Rodriguez‐Mateos, Margarete Lucosz, Geoffrey Istas, Ken Declerck, Roberto Sansone, René Deenen, Karl Köhrer, Karla Fabiola Corral‐Jara, Joachim Altschmied, Judith Haendeler, Malte Kelm, Wim Vanden Berghe, Christian Heiß
Abstract
SCOPE: While cocoa flavanol (CF) consumption improves cardiovascular risk biomarkers, molecular mechanisms underlying their protective effects are not understood. OBJECTIVE: To investigate nutri(epi)genomic effects of CF and identify regulatory networks potential mediating vascular health benefits. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty healthy middle-aged men consume CF (bi-daily 450 mg) or control drinks for 1 month. Microarray analysis identifies 2235 differentially expressed genes (DEG) involved in processes regulating immune response, cell adhesion, or cytoskeleton organization. Distinct patterns of DEG correlate with CF-related changes in endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and blood pressure. DEG profile negatively correlates with expression profiles of cardiovascular disease patients. CF modulated DNA methylation profile of genes implicates in cell adhesion, actin cytoskeleton organization, or cell signaling. In silico docking analyses indicate that CF metabolites have the potential of binding to cell signaling proteins and transcription factors. Incubation of plasma obtained after CF consumption decrease monocyte to endothelial adhesion and dose-dependently increase nitric oxide-dependent chemotaxis of circulating angiogenic cells further validating the biological functions of CF metabolites. CONCLUSION: In healthy humans, CF consumption may mediate vascular protective effects by modulating gene expression and DNA methylation towards a cardiovascular protective effect, in agreement with clinical results, by preserving integrity of immunological-endothelial barrier functions.