RF heating of deep brain stimulation implants during MRI in 1.2 T vertical scanners versus 1.5 T horizontal systems: A simulation study with realistic lead configurations
Ehsan Kazemivalipour, Jasmine Vu, Stella Lin, Bhumi Bhusal, Bach T. Nguyen, John E. Kirsch, Behzad Elahi, Joshua M. Rosenow, Ergin Atalar, Laleh Golestanirad
Abstract
Patients with deep brain stimulation (DBS) implants are often denied access to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to safety concerns associated with RF heating of implants. Although MR-conditional DBS devices are available, complying with manufacturer guidelines has proved to be difficult as pulse sequences that optimally visualize DBS target structures tend to have much higher specific absorption rate (SAR) of radiofrequency energy than current guidelines allow. The MR-labeling of DBS devices, as well as the majority of studies on RF heating of conductive implants have been limited to horizontal close-bore MRI scanners. Vertical MRI scanners, originally introduced as open low-field MRI systems, are now available at 1.2 T field strength, capable of high-resolution structural and functional imaging. No literature exists on DBS SAR in this class of scanners which have a 90° rotated transmit coil and thus, generate a fundamentally different electric and magnetic field distributions. Here we present a simulation study of RF heating in a cohort of forty patient-derived DBS lead models during MRI in a commercially available vertical openbore MRI system (1.2 T OASIS, Hitachi) and a standard horizontal 1.5 T birdcage coil. Simulations were performed at two major imaging landmarks representing head and chest imaging. We calculated the maximum of 0.1g-averaged SAR (0.1g-SAR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Max</sub> ) around DBS lead tips when a B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> = 4 μT was generated on an axial plane passing through patients body. For head landmark, 0.1g-SAR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Max</sub> reached 220±188 W/kg in the 1.5 T birdcage coil, but only 14±11 W/kg in the OASIS coil. For chest landmark, 0.1g-SAR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Max</sub> was 24±17 W/kg in the 1.5 T birdcage coil and 3±2 W/kg in the OASIS coil. A paired two-tail t-test revealed a significant reduction in SAR with a large effect-size during head MRI (p <; 1.5×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> , Cohen's d = 1.5) as well as chest MRI (p <; 6.5×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-10</sup> , Cohen's d = 1.7) in 1.2 T Hitachi OASIS coil compared to a standard 1.5 T birdcage transmitter. Our findings suggest that open-bore vertical scanners may offer an untapped opportunity for MRI of patients with DBS implants.