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Orthogonal polynomials and diffusion operators

Dominique Bakry, S. Yu. Orevkov, Marguerite Zani

2022Annales de la faculté des sciences de Toulouse Mathématiques13 citationsDOIOpen Access PDF

Abstract

We study the following problem: describe the triplets <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Ω</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> where <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is the (co)metric associated with the symmetric second order differential operator <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="bold">L</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> </mml:mfrac> <mml:msub> <mml:mo>∑</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>∂</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="1.111pt"/> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>∂</mml:mi> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> defined on a domain <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Ω</mml:mi> </mml:math> of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>ℝ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:math> (that is <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi mathvariant="bold">L</mml:mi> </mml:math> is a diffusion operator with reversible measure <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) and such that there exists an orthonormal basis of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>ℒ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> made of polynomials which are at the same time eigenvectors of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi mathvariant="bold">L</mml:mi> </mml:math> , where the polynomials are ranked according to their natural degree. We reduce this problem to a certain algebraic problem (for any <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:math> ) and we find all solutions for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> when <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Ω</mml:mi> </mml:math> is compact. Namely, in dimension <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and up to affine transformations, we find <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:math> compact domains <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Ω</mml:mi> </mml:math> plus a one-parameter family. The proof that this list is exhaustive relies on the Plücker-like formulas for the projective dual curves applied to the complexification of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>∂</mml:mi> <mml:mi>Ω</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We then describe some geometric origins for these various models. We also give some description of the non-compact cases in this dimension.

Topics & Concepts

MathematicsOrthonormal basisDifferential operatorDegree (music)Dimension (graph theory)Orthogonal polynomialsComplexificationOperator (biology)Measure (data warehouse)Pure mathematicsAffine transformationCombinatoricsPhysicsQuantum mechanicsComputer scienceDatabaseAcousticsBiochemistryRepressorChemistryTranscription factorGeneNonlinear Waves and SolitonsMathematical functions and polynomialsDifferential Equations and Boundary Problems
Orthogonal polynomials and diffusion operators | Litcius