The Impact of Homelessness on Mortality of Individuals Living in the United States: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Amy Funk, R. Neil Greene, Kate Dill, Pia Valvassori
Abstract
This systematic review assessed peer-reviewed research studies on mortality rates of the homeless population within the United States. Extrapolated data included definitions of homelessness, mortality data sources, findings on mortality rates, and causes of premature mortality. Results demonstrate that individuals experiencing homelessness die earlier than comparison groups not experiencing homelessness. Methodology and findings varied across studies. Subpopulations included veterans, families, youth, and unsheltered. Causes of death varied across subpopulations and changed over time. Top causes of death, predominantly determined by ICD codes, stemmed from neoplasms, heart disease, and substance use disorder. Sources used for mortality data included the National Death Index (NDI), the Social Security Death Index (SSDI), state death occurrence files, and city vital statistics. Important research foci include standardization, subpopulation variations, policy implications, and the influence of mortality risk factors, such as poverty and racism.